Improving energy efficiency is a cross-cutting priority. Measures like LED lighting, efficient appliances, building insulation and demand-response programs cut peak loads and emissions. In fact, past efficiency gains have already avoided emissions comparable to those from new renewables. ESOI advocates stronger standards (for appliances, vehicles, buildings) and smarter planning (efficient transit, industrial processes) to further this progress. It also supports R&D in high-performance materials (thermoelectric, efficient cooling systems) and AI-driven load management to flatten demand curves. By focusing on the demand side, ESOI helps ensure that India’s growth is energy-frugal, aiding the national targets of self-reliance and climate responsibility.