Nuclear power is viewed as essential clean baseload capacity for India. ESOI endorses India’s three-stage nuclear programme (conventional reactors, fast breeders, then thorium) and the new Nuclear Energy Mission. Targets include building ten new reactors (8 GW) by 2031 and at least five indigenous small modular reactors (SMRs) by 2033. Advanced designs, such as high-temperature gas-cooled reactors that co-generate hydrogen, and molten-salt reactors using India’s vast thorium reserves (25% of world total), are long-term priorities. Importantly, recent reforms like the SHANTI nuclear bill have opened the sector to private investment and set an ambitious goal of 100 GW nuclear capacity by 2047. ESOI plays a convening role here by promoting research on reactor safety, fuel recycling (closed fuel cycles) and regulatory standards, and by advising on policy to accelerate nuclear innovation in line with India’s energy transition and Viksit Bharat vision.